ABSTRACT
A research to
investigate the performance on growth and yield of two varities with regard to
various no.of seedlings hill-1 was conducted at the field of IAAS,
Lamjung Campus, Sundarbazar during the period from June 2012 to Dec 2012. The
experiment comprised two varieties viz. Makwanpur-1 and Ramdhan-1and three
levels of seedlings hill-1 viz. 1, 2 and 4 seedlings hill-1.
The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three
replications. The treatments were randomly distributed to the plots within each
block. The interaction effect of the varieties and number of seedlings hill-1
had significant effect on all the agronomic parameters except non-effective
grains panicle-1, sterility % and harvest index. Results showed that
Makawanpur-1 variety of rice when transplanted @ 2 seedlings hill-1
yielded the best (8.423 t/ha) than other combinations at Sundarbazar.
KEY
WORDS: Makwanpur-1, Ramdhan, number of seedlings/hill, growth
and yield.
INTRODUCTION:
Rice(Oryza sativa L.) is generally annual
monocot plant belonging to Graminae family. Typically grown in tropical ,
sub-tropical, as well as in temperate zone of world. The rice plant can grow to 1–1.8 m
tall, occasionally more depending on the variety and soil fertility. It has
long, slender leaves 50–100 cm long and 2–2.5 cm broad.
Rice has a
unique feature in field that rice plants are grown on flooded soils. Temporal
dynamics of paddy rice fields can be characterized by three main periods:
(1) the flooding and
rice transplanting period;
(2) the growing period (vegetative growth, reproductive,
and ripening stages); and
(3) the fallow period after harvest.
As a cereal grain, it is the most widely
consumed staple food for large part of world population. It is the grain with
the second-highest worldwide production, after maize (FAO,2011).And the
majority of world rice is produced from Asian country i.e. about 92% .The top rice producing countries are
china,india,Indonesia.(wiki, 2013)
In context of Nepal,
rice is a major cereal crop grown widely in terai and hilly areas. For Nepalese
rice is a major constituent’s food for dusk and dawn meal. In 2010(CBS), agriculture accounted for
36.1% of national gross domestic product (GDP).And in the agriculture
product-rice comes to the top. Thus, FAO predicted the decrease of agricultural
contribution in gross domestic product (2012) due to delayed rainfall and
drought period in rice transplanting period.
STATUS
OF PADDY PRODUCTION:
Origin: Evidence shows
origin of rice form pearl river valley region of china.
World
|
Asia
|
Nepal
|
Western Hills
|
Lamjung
|
|
Total cultivated area(ha)(000,000)
|
165
|
141
|
1.50
|
0.14
|
0.01
|
Total Production(t) (000,000)
|
720
|
650
|
4.46
|
3.8
|
0.03
|
Total Yields(productivity)
(t/ha)
|
4.363
|
4.610
|
2.9
|
2.6
|
2.1
|
*source from FAO, wiki,
agricultural statistical data (2010/2011)
The above table shown statistical low
productivity of rice in Nepal in comparisons with asia and world. The major
constraints of rice production in Nepal are due to some reasons; the low
quality seed, use of inferior variety, lack of irrigation facility, low input
of chemical as well as organic fertilizers and lack of knowledge on management
practices of high yielding hybrid varieties. Among the various problems,
selection of suitable variety according to the eco-zone is also essential. The
system of planting, planting density, no. of seedlings per hill, types of
variety also influences the growth and yield of rice.
STATEMENT
OF PROBLEMS:
Among the various problems of rice
production in mid hill, selection of suitable rice variety by farmers is one of
the major problems(CBS 2004). Similarly, the systems of planting also greatly
influence the growth behavior and yield of rice. As rice as a major staple food
all over the country and with relevance, the suitable land for rice production
in mid hill is very less increasing the productivity of rice in the fixed land
is the only way to supplement the demand. The use of no. of seedling/hill can
greatly alter the growth and yield of rice.
While discussing the problems of low
productivity of rice, the factor affecting the growth and yield of rice are to
be analyzed. Here, we are taking two factors into consideration that affects
the yield of rice i.e. variety and no. of seedling/hill.
The variety itself is differentiated from
each other due to its botanical features, adaptability, yield etc. thus
selection of suitable variety is justified for the better performance in any
specific eco-zone.
Number of seedling/hill is another important
factor for successful rice production because it influences the tiller
formation, solar radiation interception, total sunshine reception, nutrient
uptake, rate of photosynthesis and other physiological phenomena and ultimately
affects the growth and development of rice plant.
OBJECTIVE:
·
To develop a skill and knowledge on
growth, development and yield parameters of
rice.
·
To study the improved cultivation
practices of rice
·
To develop skill and knowledge on data
analysis ,report writing and presentation of result
MATERIALS
AND METHODS/METHODOLOGY:
1)
FIELD
EXPERIMENTATION
The
field experiment was conducted in Sundarbazar-5
in the farm of Lamjung Campus in Lamjung district.(800masl, khet land
i.e. irrigated condition)
2)
DESIGN
OF EXPERIMENT
The experiment will be conducted in two factors
Randomized Complete Block Design in three replications and 18 treatment
combinations. The treatments will consist of combinations of following two
factors:
Factor A: Variety (V)
V1:
Ram dhan
V2:
Makwanpur-1
Factor B: No. of seedlings hill-1(N)
N1:
One seedling hill-1
N2: Two seedlings hill-1
N3: Four seedlings hill-1
TREATMENT COMBINATIONS
Treatment
|
Variety
|
No. of seedlings
|
T1
|
(V2)Makwanpur-1
|
(N1)One seedling hill-1
|
T2
|
(V2)Makwanpur-1
|
(N2)Two seedlings hill-1
|
T3
|
(V2)Makwanpur-1
|
(N3)Four seedlings hill-1
|
T4
|
(V1) Ramdhan
|
(N1) One seedling hill-1
|
T5
|
(V1) Ramdhan
|
(N2)Two seedlings hill-1
|
T6
|
(V1) Ramdhan
|
(N3)Four seedlings hill-1
|
Construction of ANOVA
table:
Source of variance
|
DF
|
SS
|
MS
|
F-value
|
F
tabulated
(0.05)|(0.01)
|
Treatment
|
t-1=
6
|
TSS
|
|||
Replication
|
r-1=2
|
RSS
|
|||
Error
|
(t-1)(r-1)=12
|
ESS
|
|||
Total
|
(n-1)
|
**significance at 5%
level of significance
PLOT SIZE OF EXPERIMENTS
Area of each plot: 4×2.1 m2
Space between plots: 0.5 m
Space between blocks: 1 m
2.1 LAYOUT
OF EXPERIMENTAL FIELD
|
T
|
|
T
|
|
T
|
|
T
|
|
T
|
|
T
|
|
T
|
|
T
|
|
T
|
|
T
|
|
T
|
|
T
|
|
T
|
|
T
|
|
T
|
|
T
|
|
T
|
|
T
|
|
T
|
|
T
|
LAYOUT
OF INDIVIDUAL PLOT
|
50cm
|
|
2.1m
|
Plot
size= 4×2.1 m=8.4 m2
Gross
plot=8.4 m2
Net
plot= 8.4 m2-(area for destructible sample + area of boundary rows)
=8.4-(4
0.6+4×0.4)
=4.4 m2.
3) CROPPING PATTERN
Fallow-
rice-fallow.
4
) INTERCULTURAL OPERATIONS
Weed
management is important task for good production. Thus, we also performed
weeding by hand. First weeding: 30 DAT (2069/05/06)
Second weeding: 60 DAT (2069/06/06)
5)
NURSERY
MANAGEMENT
Nursery
was established by farmer near the Agronomic field of IAAS, Lamjung,
Sundarbazar. We used the 33 days old seedling for transplanting in our
experiment.
LAND PREPERATION
We
selected land for rice transplanting and, was flooded before one fortnight of
transplanting to saturate it with water on 2069/03/021.
At
the day of transplanting, i.e. 2069/04/06, the recommended FYM- 281 kg was
applied to the unprepared field and the land was ploughed with indigeneous
plough to change the physical structure of soil and to suppress the weeds’
growth. The field was then puddled by ploughing the land with standing water so
as to create an impervious layer below the surface to reduce deep percolation
losses of water and to provide soft seed bed for planting rice. For this, the
earthern bunds were created around the field and 5-10 cm water was applied. The
field, after being puddled, was leveled by a leveling board.
FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT
The required amount of well decomposed FYM
(281kg) was applied as the source of organic manures @ 10 t ha-1 before the
first ploughing of the land on 2069/04/06. Source of nitrogen was Urea, source
of phosphorous was DAP and source of potassium was Murate of potash. Nitrogen,
Phosphorus and Potassium was applied@ 60:30:30 kg ha-1 respectively. Total
phosphorus and potassium and half of nitrogen were applied as basal dose and
remaining half dose of nitrogen applied as on visualizing proper stage of
nitrogen need, to the plant. i.e.
Recommended dose: 60:30:30 Kg
NPK/ha
FYM: 10 t/ha
Application
method:
30:30:30 kg NPK/ha as
basal dose
30:0:0
Kg NPK/ha as topdressing on visualizing proper stage of nitrogen need, the
plant
For this, the required amounts of various
fertilizers for 281 m2 area (aprox. area of the experimental land)
were calculated as:
FYM: 281 kg
DAP: 1.83 kg
Urea: 1.115 kg
MOP: 1.41 kg
The
calculated amount was weighed and mixed in a bucket. The mixture was then
broadcasted into the experimental plot.
Top
dressing of nitrogen was done at 60 DAT on 2069/06/06 by calculating the amount
of urea needed per plot of area 8.4 m2. The calculated 54.78 gm of
urea was weighed and broadcasted within each plot separately after the second
weeding.
SEEDLING
TRANSPLANTING:
The 33 days old seedling was
transplanted on 2069/04/06 in the experimental field. Spacing between hills in a row is 20cm and
between the rows is 20 cm. There were 1, 2&4 seedlings planted.
WEED MANAGEMENT
The first hand weeding was done at 63 DAT
(2069/05/06) and 2nd weeding was done at 60 DAT (2069/06/06). The
uprooted weeds were buried in the field.
WATER MANAGEMENT
The
experimental field for rice planting was flooded before one fortnight of
transplanting to saturate with water on 2069/03/21.
Earthen
bunds are maintained around the field to pulled the field Water of 5-10 cm was
maintained in the field throughout the rice growing season.
HARVESTING
We
had harvested both variety at the date of 2069/08/26, through the variety were
early variety, harvesting could not be preformed at time due to educational
tour to India. Harvesting was done manually using a sickle. The rice hills of
net 6 plots were harvested separetly from the plot and border row harvested
separetely.
THERESHING
At
the date of 2069/08/27, threshing of the rice plants of the net plot were
threshed separately from that of the border rows and destructible sample rows.
The threshed grain were then cleaned by removing husks and dirts and weighed.
GROWTH ANALYSIS PARAMETERS AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES
During
and after harvesting and threshing of rice, we observed the following growth
analyzing and yield attributing parameters of rice:
Plant
height:
Ten plants were randomly selected in
each plot and height was recorded at (176days). It was measured from the base
to the top of the longest flag leaf of main tiller. The average of 10 plants
was expressed as the plant height of individual treatment.
No.
of effective tillers/m2 (n=10)
The
filled grain tillers from the 10 hills were counted just before harvesting (at176days)
and the average values was taken used to obtain effective no of tiller.
No.
of non-effective tillers/m2 (n=10)
The unfilled grain, damaged tiller were
counted and average no of non-effective tiller/m2 was noted.
Panicle
length (n=10)
The 10 panicle were chosen and the panicle length was taken in such a
way that it is measured from the first node to the maximum height of the
panicle
No.
of effective grains/panicle
The no of effective grain were
counted from 10 panicles was taken for test weight and calculated average no of
grain per panicle.
No. of non-effective grains/panicle (husk)
The no of non-effective grain per panicle were
counted from ten panicles, non effective are diseased, not viable and taken average
no of non-effective grain.
Test wt: The test weight
was taken by counted 1000 no. of grain from weighted by the help of digital
balance.
Biological yield
The crop was harvested from 6 rows and
weighted by balance.
Grain yield and straw yield:
The six rows were harvested
and threshed and clean and weighted , finded grain yield. Taken 1kg straw and
dryed by sun light and helped for find out average straw yield.
Harvest index
Harvest index (HI) was calculated by dividing
grain yield (economic yield) with the total dry matter yield (biological) as
per the following formula.
HI%
= (grain yield × 100)/ (grain yield
+ straw yield)
Sterility
%
The unfilled grain was
counted from 10 panicle and calculated sterility %
No. of
unfilled grains
Total
no. of grains
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Among the various ways of statistical
analysis of the observed data, we used MSTATC version 1.2 . the analysis was done on Experiment
Model Number 7 one factor Randomized Complete Block Design.
For
observing the LSD value, DMRT was done.
The no. of treatments was less so as to obtain
the lowest degree of freedom, i.e. 12, for conducting DMRT by MSTATC
application. Hence, we added one mean value of the observations as treatment
no. 7 just for obtaining the LSD value through the application.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUTION
Finally, we were able
to develop different skills and get knowledge in growth and development of
rice. And develop the skill and knowledge regarding on data analysis.
From the our experiment
,we have concluded that the combination of Makwanpur-1 variety with 2
seedling hill-1 as the best
combination for growing rice among two varieties, viz.Makwanpur-1 and Ramdhan
at the field condition of sundarbazar as it gives the best yield among the used
treatment.
The
national productivity of variety Makwanpur-1 was 3.43 t/ha (L. P. Amgain and J. Timsina) but in the
experiment it seemed to have greater productivity than expected. In spite of
some experimental errors, this variety is recommended in the domain of
Sundarbazzar and the surrounding area.
CALENDER
OF OPERATION
Table
no. 4: Calendar of operation
S.N.
|
Activities
|
Date
|
1.
|
Land
preparation
|
2069/04/06
|
2.
|
Basal
dose fertilizer application
|
2069/04/06
|
3.
|
Transplanting
|
2069/04/06
|
4.
|
First
weeding
|
2069/05/06
|
5.
|
Second
weeding
|
2069/06/06
|
6.
|
Nitrogen
top dressing
|
2069/06/06
|
7.
|
Harvesting
|
2069/08/26
|
8.
|
Threshing
|
2069/08/27
|
REFERENCES
·
Agricultural statistical data ,FAO
·
Krishi diary , 2069 .
·
Joshi , N.P, Maharjan , K. L and piya L
. Production Economics of Rice in different Development Region of Nepal
·
Roshan , M . N , Azarpour E. and Moradi
M. Study of Yield Components of Rice in Different plant Spacing and Number of
Seedling per Hill.
·
S.S. Islam , M .H .A . Amin , S. Parvin
, A.S.M. Amanulla and A.S.M. Ahanullah , (2010) . Effect of Number OF Seedling
and level of Nitrogen on Growth and Yield of Transplant Aman Rice cv. BRRI
Dhan41.
·
Rahman ,MH ,Khatun ,M. M. ,Mamum ,
M.A.A., Islam ,M .R. 2007 . Effect of Number of seedling Hill-1 and
Nitrogen Level on Growth and Yield of BRRI Dhan32. J. Soil .
Nature.1(2):01-07
·
Shah1 M.L. , Yadav1
R. Response of Rice Varieties to Age of Seedlings and Transplanting Dates
·
MOA ,2067/68 .
·
IRRI , 2010 .
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